Evolution of New Media Essay Example for Free

Evolution of New Media Essay The advancement of technology has transformed dramatically in the 21st centaury and affects every aspect of our everyday lives. With the comparison of a South African example of traditional and new media products, in the form of the print and the on-line news providers of the Mail Guardian news product, this essay seeks to evaluate the implications of the development of new media, and its affects on the likes of traditional news products. Before delving into the issue of the impact that new media has on traditional media, it is important to define these two terms. Traditional media is commonly seen in the form of radio, television and print (newspapers). Each are separate entities and are independent of each other. They do not rely on each other for existence and do not influence each other in any way. As the term, traditional media, is an incredibly broad term, it is difficult to give a precise definition for it. Rather, it is in contrast to the concept of new media that a fitting definition for the term traditional media is formed. Print media, in the form of the Mail Guardian newspaper, is a South African example of traditional media. The term new media refers to the forms of media content that combine and integrate data, text, sound and images of all kinds(Flew, 2003: 10). The on-line news provider, Mail Guardian, is a South African example of new media. The website incorporates images, texts and sounds-all of which are separate medium-and brings them together under one roof. This bringing together of various medium to form one entity is known as convergence (Dessaucer, 2004: 123). It is this idea of convergence of various media, which defines the term new media. Unlike the print edition of the Mail Guardian, the on-line version offers a broad range of modifications to its traditional counterpart. Rather than being printed on paper, news articles of the on-line news provider are presented in digital form. This is a seemingly obvious observation, however, it highlights the evolution of traditional media into the more popular form of new media. There is also a noticeable difference between traditional and new media in that rather then flipping through pages of undesirable texts and articles, the reader of on-line news sites actively selects the articles that they wish to read by effortlessly clicking a mouse. Furthermore, on-line news providers provide more than merely news articles. Through features called hyperlinks, readers can be transported to various other websites such as sports, music sites and even virtual gambling (Flew, 2003). Hence on-line news providers extend beyond the realms of merely providing news, but rather as technology co ntinues to develop, and the boundaries of one website and another become blurred, they begin to assume a more all-rounded focus. Online news services allow the reader the luxury of setting a specific section of the news as the front page, opposed to traditional media, where the content of the front page, is dictated by the editor. Among the many other advantages generated by new media is that it allows for articles to be reported in real time and updated often (Dessaucer, 2004: 123). Most print media are usually printed twice a day. In the case of the print form of the Mail Guardian, it is only printed once a week. Hence, if a news story breaks after the paper has been printed, readers are required to wait a full week to get its take on the matter. In the case of a reader missing a weeks edition of the newspaper, they will find much difficulty in trying to retrieve it. With the advancement of technology, the Mail Guardian online caters for issues such as these. New media allows for storage of information without causing cluttering-as would be found in the storing of old newspapers. By creating archives where readers can actually retrieve past information, the issue of loosing out on a weeks worth of news is eliminated. The Mail Guardian online, has the ability, unlike that of traditional print media, to upd ated and edit its stories as often as required. So, readers of online news services are kept up to date on breaking news, in real time, as opposed to the readers of the print version of the Mail Guardian, who receive breaking news a week after it actually occurs. Here again the advantages of new media are highlighted. The likes of traditional print media are also limited by space, resulting in the actual content to be limited. Thus in traditional print media, only selected articles feature in the news. On the other hand, new media, in the form of on-line articles, tend to contain more in-depth articles, as well as provide additional information on related topics in the form of layered journalism (Dessaucer, 2004: 125). This idea of layered journalism, utilizes the feature of hyperlinks (Flew, 2003: 15). As explained earlier, hyperlinks provide the reader with links to other related information, including past stories, multimedia features and links to other websites that offer primary source information on a specific subject (Dessaucer, 2004: 124). The advantage of this is that the reader is provided insight into specific topics, without much effort and without actively having to search for it. Limitations to traditional media are found in the area of interactivity. Person-to-person interactivity in traditional media is extremely limited in comparison to that of new media forms, which both facilitates and stimulates interactivity on all levels. Internet usage involves person-to-person communications, group communicationthrough electronic mail (email), news groups, chat rooms, mailing lists and the World Wide Web (Flew, 2003: 12). This increased interactivity, stimulated by new media, allows the reader to assume a more active role rather than a passive one. New media benefits the journalist as much as it does the reader. New media and the idea of convergence, allows for a journalist to film a news event, interview people, write an article on the event and send it to his/her editor, who will post the article on-line, all in a matter of minute and all with the same instrument. Again this emphasises the idea of real-time journalism, opposed to traditional media, where a journal ist first has to film an event, then they have to interview people and only then can they write their article. Furthermore, if the event is a far distant from the place where the article will be published, it will take a considerable amount of time for the article to reach the editors. Only after this whole procedure, can the article be published, by which time the then breaking news would have already been forgotten by the public. It is this slow, relentless pace that sets traditional media light-years apart from new media. It is estimated that by 2005, approximately 194 million people will be on-line in the U.S. alone. Research shows that from 1996-2000, the number of people on-line had increased by a staggering 149% (Dessaucer, 2004: 124). With new medias increasing popularity, it is not surprising that that newspaper readerships have been declining worldwide (Flew, 2003: 101). As reading of newspapers is becoming a less popular activity, it is surprising to note that on-line news providers are not yet the dominant news source (Dessaucer, 2004: 124). One only wonders how long it will take for on-line news services to be the service of choice, considering all its advantages, as well as the staggering growth rate of new media users. Although losing popularity worldwide, there is still a market for traditional media in the form of the poorer third world communities. In order to utilise new media, one is required to have the necessary knowledge, facilities and infrastructures readily at hand. This poses problems for poor third world communities, as all these essentials are incredibly expensive to orchestrate and implement. These communities barely have money for food let alone unnecessary luxuries in the form of advanced technology. Other issues which surface when dealing with new media is the idea of ownership and funding. As technology advances into the 21st century along this information highway, it is those companies who are active on the global stage, across different media such as the likes of the South African company, Johncom, that actually own and fund these online services (Steemers, 1999: 232). As these companies are usually based in the west, it is the western style democracies, which have traditionally influenced broadcasting policy (Steemers, 1999: 233). Hence, issues of plurality and cultural diversity arise, as these companies usually neglect to consider the views and styles preferred by other communities (Steemers, 1999). Furthermore, The idea of converge nce, in new media, which allows for a person to read the news, receive the latest sports updates, check his/her shares on the stock exchange while talking to his loved ones overseas depositing money into his bank account and listening to the radio all at the same time raises the issue to attention. The fact that the reader is partaking in various activities at once highlights the fact that the focus of attention has the tendency to move at an alarming rate (Steemers, 1999: 233). Conclusion: As technology continues to advance and new media continues to assume an ever-increasing influence in the media industry, it seems inevitable that traditional media will slowly be phased out of existence and in fact evolves into what is known as new media. However, in as much as new media is seemingly the way of the future and provides seemingly endless opportunities for its users, it only focuses on a niche market, leaving behind the poorer third world communities. Until such a time that access, infrastructure and education about new media are made affordable and available to these poorer communities worldwide, print media and traditional media, it seems, will continue to exist. Rather than suffocating it into extinction, it is likely that traditional media and new media will exist side by side for a long time to come. REFERENCE LIST * Dessaucer, C. 2004. New Media, Internet News and News Habit. In Howard, P and Jones, S (ed), Society Online, London: Sage, 121-136. * Flew, T.2003. New Media: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Steemers, J. 1999. Broadcasting is dead. Long live digital choice. In Mackay, H and OSullivan, T (ed), The Media Reader. London: Sage, 231-249.

Boundary Lines - Gender Through The Prism Of Difference Essay -- sexua

Sexual harassment is still not recognized today by many individuals as an actual offense. Sexual harassment was talked about and was recognized in 1976 but the law making it illegal was not passed until 10 years later in 1986. The law states that â€Å"it is unlawful to harass a person because of their sex. Harassment can include sexual harassment or unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature.† The law doesn’t include simple teasing, small comments or incidents that aren’t serious. But it becomes illegal when it happens more than once and the severity of the comments makes the work environment uncomfortable. The problem today is knowing what is actually considered sexual harassment as everyone takes it differently and when comments or jokes are being taken too far. Chapter 36 discusses a study that focused on waitressing as many restaurants have an obviously sexualized workplace. The book says â€Å"sexual attractiveness and flirtation are often institutionalized parts of a waitpersons job description.† When applying for jobs many workplaces hire attractive looking women, as they believe it will attract more people to their business. I find this to be unfair as men do not have this standard. When men apply for a job they look directly at the individual’s skills, not what they look like. It used to be said that in addition to popularity and access to their choice of a mate, attractive people tend to receive higher evaluations and salaries than their peers so people would then assume that it would always be an advantage to be an attractive male or female in the workplace. But this is not true in all cases. Newer research shows that being an attractive man was an advan... ... if you are married they will still say inappropriate comments to you, even if they know who your married to, some guys just don’t care. In the end sexual harassment is not okay, especially in the workplace. Women shouldn’t have to feel like they are just an object at work. Women’s confidence can be lowered by receiving sexual harassing comments from men. Men should be respectful during work hours, even joking around about sex during work doesn’t seem appropriate if you’re working around other people who could hear you. Works Cited Giuffre, Patti A., and Christine L. Williams. "Boundary Lines." Gender Through The Prism Of Difference. 4th ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2011. 403-17. Print. Gomez, Evangeline. "Should Businesses Worry About Appearance-Based Discrimination in the Workplace?" Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 31 Jan. 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2013.

Marketing Case Study for Glitz Essay

1. What factors affect the pricing decisions for a product such as Glitzz? Analyze these factors and comment on the range of prices that can be set. The right price must generate enough sales dollars to pay for the costs of developing, producing, distributing and marketing the product as well as earn a profit for the company. There are various factors that affect the pricing decision such as objectives, demands and market forces. We will examine these factors in detail below. 1.1 Company Factors Before embarking on pricing decisions, it is necessary to understand company’s objectives. Lee Jr. and Albert are looking to achieve long-term profit making and sustainability in the market. Higher importance would then be given to obtaining increased market share and sales over immediate profit making. Glitzz needs to focus on gaining foothold in the market, as it would be a new product facing relatively established competing brands and products. As such, Glitzz should not be priced at premiums but instead work to encourage trials, consumer acceptance and return business. If successful, high profits should follow. 1.2 Consumer Factors Consumer factors such as demand for the particular product class, product or brand, price and availability of similar product, price sensitivity as well as perceptions of value can affect pricing decisions and help Lee Jr. and Albert gauge feasibility and acceptability of prices. The demand for the product is extremely important for pricing decisions. The greater the demand, the higher can the product be priced. Demand by consumers is affected by four factors. (1) Consumer Tastes (2) Price and Availability of Substitutes (3) Consumer Income and (4) Price of product. Glitzz can be classified as unsought goods; products that potential consumers do not normally want or know they can buy. These products are not searched for and do not create demand in consumers initially. Consumers of such product only buy when they perceive the necessity for it. As such, creation of awareness and education about product benefits becomes crucial for retailers and creators. This translate to the need for increased budgeting assigned to advertising strategies such as personal selling, relatively aggressive advertising and benefit demonstrations, increasing fixed overhead costs for marketing and distribution. Glitzz would be a complementary product, with its demand somewhat predicated on the prices and sales of relevant product classes such as jewelry, diamonds and watches. There is negative cross elasticity between Glitzz and the above mentioned product class, i.e. the decrease in prices of jewelry, diamonds and watches would bring an increase in demand for cleaning agents such as Glitzz. In times of recession, luxury goods such as the above may not be highly sought after, affecting Glitzz’s ability to sell due to its nature as a derived product. Pricing strategies should take into consideration market trends and demands of these product classes and be adjusted accordingly. Consumers’ perception of values and benefits provided by a product will affect the amount of money they are willing to pay in exchange for the product and their price elasticity. Assessing value involves the judgment by a consumer of the worth and desirability of a particular product relative to its substitutes. At the core level of the product, Glitzz is a jewelry cleaner, delivering to consumers the opportunity to renew and bring back the shine in their precious stones, jewelry and watches. The tangible benefits offered come from the product’s non-corrosive, non-abrasive and gentle on skin nature. Premium natural ingredients used in the making of the product are also marketed as a key attribute. The attribution values of Glitzz will translate into a definitive price that consumers deem worthy for the product. Lee Jr. and Albert have already taken steps to survey consumer market and test product responses. The NUS student researchers found that few consumers are willing to pay more than SGD20 for the product. Price and availability of similar products are also strong molding forces on pricing for new entry products such as Glitzz. Technological advances and increasingly discerning consumers meant heightened awareness about substitute products and prices. The ability to compare similar products and weigh out the benefits against cost, affects consumers’ decision-making and willingness to pay for a product. The way to mitigate such comparisons is to possess strong distinguishing characteristics from its competitors. Glitzz, however, seem to be substitutable by many alternatives in the market. An in-depth competitor analysis is as follow. Brilliant Restorer and Glitzz Brilliant Restorer and Glitzz appear to be offering analogous product benefits and have similar dispensing system and packaging. It is also under a largely established distributor brand, Gordon Max. It is distributed through channels that Glitzz is thinking of using, taking up counters at large departmental stores such as Tangs. It appears to be Glitzz’s main competitor, targeting similar markets, offering similar benefits and marketing in similar channels. Connoisseur and Glitzz Connoisseur practices product differentiation, offering a range of specialized cleaning agents for different kinds of metals. It may lose out on the convenience associated with the all-purpose Glitzz, but can market it’s specialized uses as a plus point. The company has strong advertising roots, marketing its products in mainstream newspapers and online. Glitzz may face threats stemming from Connoisseurs strong advertising efforts. Powervescent and Glitzz Powervescent is a tablet-form cleaning product, offering similar benefits at very low price. It may be less convenient to use when compared to Glitzz’s pump bottle design. Powervescent does not distribute in Singapore and is in process of setting up its e-store. While Powervescent may prove to be a competitor among price sensitive consumers in the future, its low prices may also be viewed as a reflection of its quality. As such, it may not be as big a competition to Glitzz as others. Cleaning Machines and Glitzz The second tiered competitors offer jewelry-cleaning machines with high technology performances such as the Connoisseur Jewelry Bath ($49), Savco Jewelry Cleaner ($95) and OSIM uSonic ($108). It is priced much higher than cleaning solutions such as Glitzz but seem to promise better and more targeted results. The products may be marketed at affluent consumers or retailers mostly. It is not as close a substitute as portable, self-administered cleaning products such as Brilliant Restorer. Other solutions for dirty or tarnished jewelry include common soap and toothpaste as well as free cleaning services provided by retailers as a value-add for purchases. The large number of substitutes makes demand for such products very elastic; i.e. consumers are price-sensitive and decrease in prices will lead to increase in demand for the product. Glitzz would have to pay extra attention to Brilliant Restorer and Connoisseurs as they are close substitutes and their prices will be critical in the pricing decision. Glitzz is a normal good and is relatively price elastic as compared to necessity goods or luxury goods. As such, lowering prices and keeping check with competitors’ prices becomes the key to increasing consumer demand. 1.3 Competitive Factors Pricing for Glitzz is constrained by the type of market in which it competes. Jewelry cleaning products compete in a monopolistic competition market structure. There are a number of competitors competing on both price and non-price factors. For example, Lockhart competes with its low prices in the sector while OSIM offers high technology solution as the unique selling point. Understanding the environment in which they compete will allow a deeper insight into the range of acceptable prices, extent of market differentiation and importance of advertising. In such an environment, Glitzz should allocate more budgets to advertising to distinguish itself from its competitors. This means a rise in costs and subsequently, a necessary rise in pricing. Also, its prices should strive to not deviate too much from the competing products’ prices. To be effective, pricing must work to cover the costs and make profits. It is therefore necessary to take into considerations the various costs involved in producing, packaging, marketing and distributing the product. The cost of production for Glitzz in this case includes the SGD5000 re-packaging consultation fee and the direct production cost of Glitzz cleaning solution and fees associated with packaging it into 30ml pump bottles to achieve sales state. Overhead costs may also include distribution fees such as retailer’s cut in exchange for sales services and media fees to advertise the product. Keen research and delicate mediation of all the above company, consumer and competitive factors will allow conclusion of a feasible price that is most symbolic of the value Glitzz hold. I propose a price range of SGD13 to SGD17. The ultimate upper limit as surveyed by NUS students is SGD20. The ultimate lower limit is established with the unit variable costs and other production costs in mind, which will be SGD5 at the initial stage. The recommended price ranging between SGD13 to SGD17 takes into consideration competitors’ prices, company’s objectives and consumers’ buying responses. The suggested price should work to undercut competitors’ prices and stimulate trials while not deviating too much from the market rate. This way, Glitzz can remain profitable, competitive and achieve a breakeven within a short period of time. 2. What price would you recommend for Glitzz? Why? I would recommend Glitzz be sold at SGD14. In the monopolistic competition market structure, Glitzz cannot simply establish its price as an independent company. It has to be subjected to the market demand and supply forces, causing prices to be relatively similar to its close competitors. To use a demand-oriented pricing approach, Glitzz should engage in penetration pricing. By setting a relatively lower price to its competitors, Glitzz can ensure interest and high levels of appeal during the launch stage in the market. Whether or not penetration market works is predicated on several factors. Firstly, consumer base should be relatively price sensitive. This aspect is fulfilled in the case of Glitzz. With the existence of many substitute products in the market, there is high demand elasticity. Consumers with no immediate preferences or prior experiences may make purchase decisions based on prices. By setting the price at SGD14, Glitzz can subtly undercut its competitors and establish its value. Secondly, as a new product in its introductory stage, Glitzz has to work on overcoming its weakness in terms of its new entry and unknown brand identity. Glitzz’s main objectives should then be to stimulate trials and slowly accumulate market share. Penetration pricing helps to encourage first purchases and can work hand-in-hand with quality control and good brand management to build market share. Increased volume of sales will help maximize profits for Glitzz as unit production and marketing costs falls. That being said, Glitzz products must not be priced too low and deviate too much from similar competitors. Assuming Glitzz eventually decides to market and distribute its product through large departmental stores like Robinsons, its breakeven price for the initial batch of 20,000 where total cost = profit margin will be at SGD10.50. We have to price higher than SGD10.50 to break even and lower than SGD14 to SGD17 to undercut the competition. It is not feasible for Glitzz to price its product closer to the end of SGD10.50. Firstly, it may encourage a price war where competitors engage in successive price-cutting to increase or maintain market share. This can only be detrimental to the entire industry in the long run. Secondly, Glitzz as a new company needs to have buffer in profits to invest in further marketing or advertising efforts, cope with emergency operational issues or save up for brand expansion. Also, the skimming pricing method would not work for Glitzz as its product is too homogenous and not differentiated enough to justify premium pricing. In addition, the pricing of Glitzz cleaning solution at the higher end of the SGD10.50 to SGD14 range ensures Glitzz have future opportunities and space to conduct promotional initiatives such as discounts and still be profitable. Consumers may not take kindly to products increasingly their prices after a successful intitial promotion period where low prices were offered. This may affect their perceived image of the brand and be detrimental to future sales. In essence, Glitzz product pricing must be low enough to undercut competitors to generate interest in consumers and high enough to allow profit maximization. While the penetration pricing strategy can help to build volume, managers must keep close track of the costs and monitor its effects on the market. 3. What strategy would you propose for Glitzz? What costs and expenses would be involved? Calculate the break-even point. Glitzz at its point of entrance would be at the introduction stage of its product life cycle. Here, the marketing objective should be to gain awareness. This objective is further amplified by the nature of Glitzz as an unsought good. There is high level of need for promotional and advertising efforts to inform and educate the public about the presence and benefits of Glitzz. According to past track records, Glitzz did well in promoting with in-store counters and consumer exhibitions. This has roots in the personal selling and benefits-demonstration means of promotion. I would recommend Glitzz to continue with such channels of marketing and to distribute and promote their products with departmental stores such as Robinsons. As a new product, this would allow consumers to experience the benefits of Glitzz first-hand at well-established shopping places, triggering first purchases and trials. To give a concrete example, on top of in-store distribution, Glitzz could hold demonstration booths at shopping mall forums to introduce its products. Free samples could be given out to generate brand awareness and trials. Costs involved and Assumptions made * Production cost of one bottle of Glitzz at SGD5 (Unit Variable Cost) * Branding Consultation Fee at SGD5000 (Fixed Cost) * Promotional Event at approximately SGD25000 (Fixed Cost) Amount from assuming a 3 days (6 hrs/day) promotional event at a shopping mall costing about SGD9000 in rentals, with an estimated 3000 samples to be given out and an employment of 3 sales assistants at SGD100 per day. The event will total up to about SGD$24900 * Distribution Margin for Retailers at its maximum of 50% Profit Margin * One bottle of Glitzz is priced at SGD14 Hence given the list price of SGD14, the newly incurred marketing cost coupled with the sunk cost of consultation fee will result in the breakeven point being at 15 000 bottles of Glitzz, a highly feasible goal. I believe that promotions and demonstrations should be used at the initial stage of the product launch to create awareness and inform consumers of its existence. Subsequently, advertising in other forms should follow to distinguish Glitzz from its competitors and achieve brand recognition and preference. Glitzz would have to reevaluate costs and prices to determine next marketing move then.

Calcium and Potassium modifications are specialized...

Calcium and Potassium modifications are specialized individual according to a specific disease, age and inadequate amounts of calcium or potassium higher or lower than normal value. Calcium modifications are the results of to low or to high calcium levels. When calcium levels are to low compromises in bone integrity will occur. Adults 50 years of age and older are encouraged to increase calcium intake to help prevent osteoporosis. Patients with thyroid dysfunctions may experience low hormone levels causing low calcium secretion. Kidney disease, liver disease and pancreatitis also decrease the calcium level due to the effects of absorptions of vitamins and minerals in the body. Patients that have a calcium deficiency are encouraged to†¦show more content†¦Patients with renal failure, tissue destruction, adrenal gland disease and certain medication can increase potassium levels in the body. High levels of potassium can lead to cardiac arrest. Potassium rich food should be avo ided until potassium levels return to normal. Medication such as a water pill can be administered to remove excess potassium via the urinary track. High amounts of potassium can lead to life threatening heart changes and intake of potassium should be stopped until potassium is within normal range. Patient experiencing gastrointestinal loss, renal loss, and lake of intake contribute to inadequate amount of potassium. A potassium rich diet will be recommended. Intake is all individualized based on the patient. Food intake is recommended over supplements, and fruits and vegetables are preferred due to the absorption rate. (Dudek, 2010) There is no recommended dietary allowance for potassium intake but experts suggest that potassium intake of 4700mg/day with food. Americans that have a higher consumptions of potassium incorporated in the diet delay and even prevent high blood pressure. Special considerations for African Americans will be to be placed on potassium rich diet do to the high prevalence of hypertension. Salt substitutes tend to very high. Upon calcium and potassium modification each diet will be individualized based on the preexisting conditions. Handouts will be passed out with list of sources of foodShow MoreRelatedCongestive Heart Failure Essay6560 Words   |  27 PagesCongestive Heart Failure Armi Gonzales Western Governors University Congestive Heart Failure A. Investigated Disease Process Congestive Heart Failure is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump a sufficient amount of blood for the body to function. If the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases, blood and fluids may start to pool into the lungs and accumulate in the legs, ankles, and feet causing an edema, shortness of breath, and fatigue. 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